Discrete element light modulating microstructure devices

ABSTRACT

A light modulating or switching array ( 10 ) having a plurality of discrete protrusions ( 16 ) formed of electro-optic material, each of which is electrically and optically isolated from each other. The protrusions ( 16 ) have defined a top face ( 20 ), a bottom face ( 30 ), first and second side faces ( 22, 24 ), and front and back faces ( 26,28 ). There are a plurality of electrodes ( 34 ) associated with each of the protrusions ( 16 ), these electrodes ( 34 ) being capable of inducing an electric field in the electro-optic material for independently modulating a plurality of light beams which are incident upon one of the faces ( 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30 ) of the protrusions ( 16 ). The electro-optic material may be of PLZT, or a member of any of the groups of electro-optic crystals, polycrystalline electro-optic ceramics, electro-optic semiconductors, electro-optic glasses and electro-optically active polymers. Also disclosed is a light modulating array ( 10 ) of the type having a matrix ( 136 ) of electro-optic material which contains a plurality of embedded adjacent electrodes ( 134 ). These electrodes ( 134 ) are capable of inducing an electric field in the electro-optic material for independently modulating a plurality of light beams which are incident upon the matrix ( 136 ) of electro-optic material. This matrix ( 136 ) can be formed by a variety of processes, including a sol-gel process. Additionally disclosed is a system ( 11 ) in which light modulating arrays ( 10 ) are used to modulate incident light beams ( 42 ) and separate them into a plurality of data channels ( 94, 96 ).

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/959,778 filed on Oct. 29,1997.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to light modulators and light switches, and more particularly to electro-optic modulator arrays. The inventor anticipates that primary application of the present invention will be in high-speed printing and image processing, although it may also be used in optical interconnects, telecommunications and flat panel displays.

BACKGROUND ART

Electro-optic modulators have been well known in the art for years, but for multi-channel applications they have suffered from several disadvantages. Prior art modulator arrays have usually been formed from single wafers of electrooptically active material onto which surface electrodes have been attached, to form channels which are defined by the electric field lines within the optical wafer. Cross-talk, or interference between channels, has been a problem because electro-optic modulators are vulnerable on at least two levels. Since the channels are not restricted except by the electric field lines, activity in one channel can easily induce electro-optic interference in a nearby channel. This is in addition to usual electrical cross-talk experienced by closely grouped and unshielded electrical contacts. Also, previous electro-optic modulators and light switches have often relied on surface deposited electrodes, which produce electric field lines that are fringed, rather than channeled and directed. Due to the exponential decay of the electric field intensity inside the material, very high voltages may be required to drive the material to produce the desired electro-optic effect.

Electro-optic materials, such as LiNbO₃, can be expensive, and can require driving voltages. Liquid crystal modulators have also been used, but response times for this type are typically very slow, on the order of milliseconds. Also, the electro-optic effect exhibited by a material can be of several different orders, depending on the material. A first order effect, called the Pockels effect, is linear in its response to increase in applied voltage. A second order effect, called the Kerr effect, is quadratic in its response, thus a greater increase in effect can be produced relative to an increase in voltage. This can theoretically allow smaller driving voltages in a primarily Kerr effect material to be applied to produce a comparable electro-optic effect compared to material which produces primarily Pockels effect.

Lead zirconate titanate polycrystalline ceramic which is doped with lanthanum (PLZT) is a relatively inexpensive, optically transparent ceramic which can be made to exhibit either the quadratic Kerr effect or the linear Pockels effect, depending on the composition, and can be formed into wafers easily and used in sol-gel moldings. The concentrate of lanthanum, or “doping”, is variable, and can lead to varying characteristics in the material. PLZT that is commercially available is typically made from a “recipe” which produces a very high dielectric constant κ. Very high κ values produce high capacitance values C, which in turn produce high power requirements, as power (P) is proportional to CV²/2 where V=voltage. High power consumption in turn generates heat, so that some modulators that require high voltage also may require cooling. If the proportion of lanthanum dopant, or other components, in the material is adjusted, the dielectric constant value and electro-optic constant value, as well as the type of electro-optic effect (Kerr or Pockels), may also be varied, with the result affecting capacitance and power consumption.

Prior art inventions for modulating light in arrays generally suffer from common problems experienced by multi-channel optical and electrical systems in which the channels are not appropriately isolated. As discussed above, interference is easily induced in nearby channels resulting in cross-talk which can distort image clarity and corrupt data transmissions. Additionally, much of the prior art requires high driving voltages that are incompatible with TTL level power supplies.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,746,942 by Moulin shows a wafer of PLZT electro-optic ceramic material with a large number of surface mounted electrodes. This invention suffers from the disadvantage of cross-talk between channels, although there is discussion of attempts to decrease cross-talk by use of large electrodes and increased space of the electro-optic windows. This results in less efficient use of the material. Although typical driving voltages are not given, with larger areas of material, higher applied voltages become necessary to provide the necessary electric field density in the wafer.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,867,543 by Bennion et al. describes a spatial light modulator made of a solid sheet layer of electro-optic material such as PLZT, which has paired surface electrodes. This has the disadvantage of requiring a driving voltage of approximately 20 volts to produce a phase retardation of PI radians. U.S. Pat. No. 4,406,521 by Mir et al. discloses a panel of electro-optic material which uses electrodes to define pixel regions. It speaks of using voltages in the range of 100-200 volts. U.S. Pat. No. 5,033,814 by Brown et al. also shows a single slab of electro-optic material which requires a driving voltage of 150 volts. U.S. Pat. No. 5,528,414 to Oakley discloses a single wafer of Pockels crystal with surface mounted electrodes requiring a 70 volt driving voltage. Besides being obviously incompatible with TTL voltage levels, none of these inventions have any mechanism for confining electric field lines. Also, in general, use of higher driving voltages will generate heat in the electro-optic material, which can mean that a cooling system may be required.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,220,643 by Collings discusses an array of optical modulators which are built into a neural network. These modulators are mostly of liquid crystal type, although use of PLZT is mentioned. U.S. Pat. No. 4,560,994 by Sprague shows a single slab of electro-optic material with an array of electrodes which create fringe electric fields, which are not channeled. Sarraf's U.S. Pat. No. 5,521,748 also discloses a modulator array in which mirror-like devices deflect or deform when electrostatic force is applied. U.S. Pat. No. 4,367,946 to Varner also discusses a light valve array, with one specifically preferred material being PLZT. However, all four of these inventions can be expected to have the same problems of cross-talk, which the present invention is designed to eliminate.

For the foregoing reasons, there is a need for an array of discrete light modulating elements which can operate at TTL voltage levels, and at high speeds, with almost no cross-talk, and which can be used to produce small pixels or which can be grouped together to create larger pixels and large two dimensional panels or sheets.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an array of discrete modulated elements of electro-optic material.

Another object of the invention is to provide arrays of electro-optically modulators that can be driven by TTL voltages, and thus be compatible with standard TTL power supplies.

Yet another object of the invention is to produce arrays of electro-optic modulators which have very little cross-talk between channels.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide an array with very fast response and switching time.

A further object of the present invention is to provide an array of pixels which can be of very small dimensions to reduce problems of aliasing in optical displays.

A yet further object of the present invention is to produce light modulating arrays that can be manufactured by conventional methods very inexpensively.

Briefly, one preferred embodiment of the present invention is a light modulating array having a number of discrete protrusions formed of electro-optic material, each of which is electrically and optically isolated from each other. The protrusions each can be viewed as having a top face, a bottom face, first and second side faces, and front and back faces. Each array also has a number of electrodes associated with each of the protrusions, the electrodes being capable of inducing an electric field in the electro-optic material for independently modulating a number of light beams which are incident upon one of the faces of the protrusions. The protrusions can be made from any number of electro-optic materials including electro-optic crystals, polycrystalline electro-optic ceramics, electro-optically active polymers, electro-optic semiconductors and electro-optic glasses. The protrusions can be integral with a substrate wafer, or formed upon a substrate of a second material. The electrodes can be attached in a variety of positions including on the sides, top and bottom, and On the front and back faces if electrodes with apertures are used.

A second preferred embodiment of the present invention is a light modulating array having a number of discrete protrusions formed of electro-optic material, each of which is electrically and optically isolated from each other, each protrusion being formed in a prism shape. Each protrusion has a top face, a bottom face, and front and rear faces. Each array also has a number of electrodes associated with each of the protrusions, the electrodes being capable of inducing an electric field in the electro-optic material for independently modulating a plurality of incident light beams. Each of the prism shaped protrusions is oriented with respect to a number of light beams such that each light beam incident upon the front face of each protrusion enters the protrusion traveling a first path and emerging at a first angle from the rear face of the protrusion when no voltage is applied to electro-optically activate the protrusion. However, each light beam travels a second path and emerges at a second angle from the rear face of the protrusion when the protrusion is electro-optically activated by application of appropriate voltage.

A third preferred embodiment of the present invention is a light modulating array having a matrix of electro-optic material, with each matrix containing a number of embedded adjacent electrodes. The electrodes are each capable of inducing an electric field in the electro-optic material for independently modulating a number of light beams which are incident upon the matrix of electro-optic material.

A fourth preferred embodiment of the present invention is a system for modulating light having a number of discrete protrusions formed of electro-optic material and a number of electrodes, as above. The system also includes a power supply capable of supplying sufficient voltage to induce a desired polarization shift from a first polarization orientation to a second polarization orientation in a beam of polarized light entering the protrusions. Also included are a switches for controlling application of voltage to the electrodes through a conductor and a separator for separating light of a first polarization orientation from light of a second polarization orientation. The separator could be any of a number of mechanisms, such as beam splitters, cross-polarizers, etc.

An advantage of the present invention is that it may be operated with TTL voltages or lower.

Another advantage of the invention is that because of the low voltage requirements, heating of the elements is reduced and requirements for cooling are minimized.

Yet another advantage of the present invention is that very small elements may be produced, thus allowing for very fine image resolution.

A further advantage of the present invention is that cross-talk between channels is nearly eliminated.

A still further advantage of the present invention is that standard micro-machining operations can be used, allowing for inexpensive manufacture.

A yet further advantage of the present invention is that sol-gel processes can be used to create arrays very inexpensively.

Yet another advantage of the present invention is that sol-gel processes can be used to make displays which are both thin and flexible. These molding processes can produce arrays with large numbers of elements quickly and for very low cost.

These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become clear to those skilled in the art in view of the description of the best presently known mode of carrying out the invention and the industrial applicability of the preferred embodiment as described herein and as illustrated in the several FIGS. of the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The purposes and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description in conjunction with the appended drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a system for modulating and switching light beams which uses a light modulating array, showing the modulation of impinging light beams;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a modulator array. and electrical circuit showing an alternative location for conductive pads;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a modulator array, and electrical circuit showing the elements mounted on a substrate of different material;

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a modulator array and electrical circuit in which electrodes have been attached to the top and bottom wafer surfaces;

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a modulator array and electrical circuit showing an alternate location for conductive pads;

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an alternate embodiment of a modulator array and electrodes;

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of another alternative embodiment of a modulator array and electrodes;

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of system for modulating and switching light beams which uses a modulator array and beamsplitters to separate modulated and unmodulated beams into different channels;

FIG. 9 is a plan view of a system for modulating and switching light beams, which shows a single element of a modulator array used as an alternate mechanism for separating modulated and unmodulated beams into different channels;

FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a system for modulating and switching light beams which shows a single element of a different version of a modulator array used as an alternate mechanism for separating modulated and unmodulated beams into different channels;

FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a modulator array in which electrodes have been placed so as to produce an electric field which is collinear with the direction of light propagation; and

FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of an embedded electrode array in a sol-gel matrix of electro-optic material.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

A preferred embodiment of the present invention is an array of light modulating and switching microstructure devices. The present invention solves many of the problems of the prior art by using lanthanum doped lead zirconate titanate crystal (PLZT), which is an optically transparent ceramic that becomes birefringent when proper voltage is applied. PLZT has a quadratic electro-optic response to voltage increase thus allowing lower driving voltages. In addition, the present invention uses an optimized compositional “recipe” in which the proportion of lanthanum dopant and matrix elements has been designed to produce low dielectric constrant κ, higher electro-optic efficiency, and thus low power requirements. Additionally, the electro-optic elements are 3-dimensional and of very small size, generally 10 μm-200 μm in the light propagation direction, or much less, depending on the design. This allows production of very high-density electric fields in these elements by using small voltages, including TTL levels of approximately 5 volts, and lower. This has advantages because power supplies that are already set up for TTL level digital components can supply the electro-optic modulators as well. Cross-talk has been nearly eliminated by the use of grooves or regions which are filled with air or other dielectric materials. These physically separate at least a portion of the elements, thus directing and channeling electric field lines more closely. PLZT, as well as other electro-optic materials, also allows for pico-second response time, thus theoretically allowing very high switching frequencies of 100 GHz and more.

The use of embedded electrodes produces more uniform electric field strength in the elements. This allows a much lower driving voltage and a much more predictable and controllable electric field.

The present invention is also useful when using standard recipe electro-optic materials, in which the dielectric constant has not been minimized, and also in a variety of other electro-optic materials beside PLZT. Electro-optic materials fall generally into five categories, 1) electro-optic crystals, 2) polycrystalline electro-optic ceramics, 3) electro-optically active polymers, 4) electro-optic semiconductors, and 5) electro-optic glasses. Although the electro-optic properties of the materials are variable depending on composition, the present invention can be implemented with materials of any of these three categories. Specific examples of electro-optic materials besides PLZT which may be used include, but are not limited to, LiNbO₃, LiTaO₃, BSN, PBN, KTN, KDP, KD*P, KTP, BaTiO₃, Ba₂NaNb₅O₁₅, GaAs, InP, CdS, AgGaS₂, and ZnGeP₂. The very small dimensions of the elements result in very low element capacitance even when using material having a relatively large dielectric constrant κ.

As illustrated in the various drawings herein, and particularly in the view of FIG. 1, a form of this preferred embodiment of the inventive device is depicted by the general reference character 10.

FIG. 1 illustrates an array of light modulating microstructures 10 as well as a system 11 for modulating or switching light in a number of independent channels. In this preferred embodiment, the array 10 is formed from a wafer 12 of PLZT. PLZT has been chosen for its large electro-optic effect and low absorption for thin wafers.

If PLZT is used, the relative proportion of the Lanthanum dopant in the ceramic can be very important in determining the driving voltage required for the elements. The composition also is important in establishing the optical properties such as transparency, grain size and pore size, speed, power dissipation, operating temperature and for maximizing both the linear and the quadratic electro-optic coefficients of the material. Commercial recipes for PLZT have largely used Lanthanum concentrations of 9.0% to 12%. If Lanthanum concentration is varied in the range of 8.5% to 9.0% of the PLZT ceramic and the concentration of Zirconium and Titanium are unchanged from typical ratios of 65/35, it may be possible to achieve a higher quadratic electro-optic coefficient (R) in the PLZT for the La dopant percentage closer to 8.5%. For the PLZT compositions, where Zr and Ti are maintained in a 65/35 ratio and the overall percentage of La is varied:

La=9.5%, R=1.5×10⁻¹⁶ m²/V²;

La=9.0%, R=3.8×10⁻¹⁶ m²/V².

It is known that for La<8.0%, PLZT loses quadratic electro-optic properties. It is therefore expected that somewhere around 8.5% La there should be a maximum for R around (5-40)×10 ⁻¹⁶ m²/V².

This enhanced value of electro-optic coefficient provides many advantages. It will permit lower required driving voltages, and thus lower power dissipation in the material and hence lower heating of the device. This in turn allows the device to be driven at significantly higher frequencies, even without external cooling. Also, the use of lower La concentrations (which is a free electron donor) will result in a reduced “charge screening” effect. The overall result is higher modulation efficiency of devices manufactured from this material.

The wafer 12 has regions or grooves 14 formed to produce protrusions 16 from the original thickness 18 of the wafer 12. The grooves 14 may be formed by any number of means, such as mechanical machining with micro-saws, chemical etching using photo-resist masks, or laser ablation, or the array may be molded in shape from polycrystalline ceramic, among other methods. The grooves 14 provide isolation between the channels of the array 10, serve to direct and channel the electric field lines in the electro-optic material and thus allow the array to operate with nearly zero cross-talk.

Each protrusion 16 has a top face 20, a first side face 22 and a second side face 24, a front face 26 and a rear face 28. The grooves 14 can be cut through the entire original thickness 18 of the wafer 12, in which case, the protrusions will have an independent bottom face 30, or if the groove is not cut through the entire original thickness 18, the bottom face 30 will be integral with the wafer 12, as shown by the dotted line in FIG. 1.

The faces of the wafer 32 can be polished either before or after the grooves 14 are formed, to prevent scattering of light entering or leaving the wafer 12. Electrodes 34 are attached to the protrusions 16 by any of a number of ways, but one preferred method is to embed the electrodes 34, as this may produce a more uniform electrical field. It is also possible that the material of the electrode 34 may completely fill the grooves 14. Conductive pads 36 of gold or some other metal or conductive material are used to attach electrical leads 38 to the electrodes 34, which connect them in turn to the electrical power supply 40. An electrical field is thus established which is oriented in a transverse direction relative to the direction of the incoming light beams 42. The width of electro-optic material between the grooves 14 in the protrusions 16 establishs the electrode gap 44 in this configuration of electrode 34 placement.

For ease of reference, an assembly containing a protrusion 16, attached electrodes 34, and conductive pads 36 shall be referred to as an “element”. The size of the wafer 12, the protrusions 16 and the electrode gaps 44 will depend on the material chosen, and the desired range of applied voltages to be used. The electro-optic effect exhibited by an element of a particular material depends on the electric field strength within that element. The density of that field will in turn depend on the amount of applied voltage, the material chosen, and the physical dimensions of the element in which the electric field is contained. Using very small elements allows a large concentration of electric field density by use of small to moderate voltages. In the present invention, in order to use voltages in the TTL range, around 5V, it is estimated that the physical size of the elements, if made of PLZT, will be on the order of 20 μm×20 μm×200 m. The grooves 14 can be made very small, and indeed may be limited by the size of machining tools used to form them. Excellent results in terms of near zero cross-talk have been achieved using micro-sawing methods where the kerf size of the saw cuts are around 25 μm. Effective reduction of cross-talk between channels may be achieved with grooves as small as 5 μm.

Such tiny elements can produce modulated beams of very small size, producing such fine image resolution that the unaided eye is incapable of distinguishing it. It may have applications where microscopic images are required, or where multiple beams are combined in groups of 5 or 10 elements to make up 1 pixel in a display device.

The size of the elements will also depend on whether the beam is transmitted through the element or reflected from a rear surface, in which case, the length or the driving voltage can be cut roughly in half to produce the same degree of modulation. Materials with smaller electro-optic properties may require greater size or increased applied voltage to achieve proper modulation results.

In FIG. 1, a first element 46 and a second element 48 are shown, which in this preferred embodiment, will be assumed to be composed of PLZT. Between the first element 46 and the voltage supply line, an open switch 50 is shown to represent that the element 46 has no voltage applied, and is in an inactive state. It is, of course, to be understood that nothing so primitive as throw-switches need be used to practice the invention. Most likely, very high frequency (perhaps as much as 100 GHz or more) square waves of appropriate voltage will be used, but throw-switches are used here as an easy means of illustrating the state of the applied voltage.

The incoming light beams 42 having incoming linear polarization 54 which is aligned with the upper tip 45 degrees to the left of vertical, (which shall be referred to as “R” polarization) impinge on both elements 46 and 48. This incoming light may be linearly polarized laser light, or it may be initially unpolarized light, perhaps even including light from an incandescent bulb, which has been transmitted through a polarizer to produce linearly polarized light. First element 46 is inactive, thus the outgoing polarization 56 of the first element 46 is unchanged. It passes through an R aligned polarizer 60 and is detected by a light sensor or photo detector 62, perhaps to be recognized as a digital “1”.

In contrast, switch 52 is closed leading to the second element 48, thus the supply voltage is applied and the element 48 is active. The element 48 becomes birefringent under the influence of the applied electric field. Birefringence causes an incoming beam 42 which is linearly polarized at a 45 degree angle relative to the direction of the applied electric field to split into two orthogonal components which are respectively parallel and perpendicular to the electric field lines. These components travel along the same path but at different velocities. The electro-optic effect thus will cause a phase shift between the two components, as one is retarded in relation to the other. After traveling through the element 48, the components re-combine with the result that the polarization of the emergent beam 58 is changed. If the voltage is sufficient to cause a λ/2 shift in polarization, the polarization will be rotated by 90 degrees, relative to its original orientation. In FIG. 1, it is assumed that a λ/2 voltage of 5 volts has been applied which produces a 90 degree phase shift to give a linearly polarized output beam 58, which is oriented with the upper tip now 45 degrees to the right of vertical (which shall be referred to as “S” polarization). This S polarized light is now blocked by the R aligned polarizer 60, which allows no light to reach the detector 62. This may be recognized by a digital device as a “0”.

If the applied voltage causes a λ/4 rotation, the outgoing polarization 58 will be made into circular polarization, as the tip of the resultant electric field vector will describe a circle as it propagates. Intermediate voltage values will result in elliptical polarization. These will be incompletely blocked by the polarizer 60, which will allow only the R aligned component to pass. Thus, the light seen by the detector 62 may be theoretically controlled anywhere in the range from undiminished incoming intensity to total extinction, to produce analog-type output signals if the appropriate control voltage is applied.

FIG. 2 illustrates a different version of the modulator array 10. A wafer 12 is shown with attached or embedded electrodes 34, and in this embodiment, the conductive pads 36 are located in a different configuration for attachment to electrical leads 38.

FIG. 3 illustrates another version of the modulator array 10, in which the grooves 14 have been extended completely through the original thickness 18 of the wafer. The elements 64 here are composed of the protrusion 16 portions of the wafer 12 and their respective attached or embedded electrodes 22 and conductive pads 24 (see FIG. 1). A number of elements 64 have been formed on a substrate 66 made from a different material which the bottom faces 30 now contact. This substrate 66 is preferably a low dielectric material that is not electro-optically active, such as SiO₂, for one example among many. The protrusions 16 may be attached or glued to the substrate 66 prior to machining or attachment of the electrodes 34 and pads 36, or the completed elements 64 may be assembled prior to attachment to the substrate 66.

FIG. 4 shows yet another version of the modulator array 10. In this embodiment, electrodes 34 are attached to the top faces 20 of the protrusions 16 and a single large electrode 68 is positioned on the bottom side 70 of the wafer 12.

It is to be understood that a plurality of appropriately placed individual electrodes could be used on the bottom side 70 of the wafer 12 in place of the single large electrode 68 pictured here and in the following FIG. 5. Conducting pads 36 are attached to the top and bottom electrodes 34, 68 as attachment points for the electrical leads 38. Polished front faces 26 are indicated as before, and incoming light beams 42 are shown to indicate orientation. The polarization direction has not been shown, as the principles of phase retardation operate much the same as in FIG. 1, with a λ/2 shift producing a 90 degree rotation, etc. This placement of electrodes 34, 68 produces a different orientation of transverse electrical fields, but still retains the advantage of channel separation and minimization of cross-talk which was unavailable in the prior art.

FIG. 5 shows a variation of the configuration in FIG. 4, in which the upper conductive pads 36 are located in a different orientation. relative to the wafer 12. The top and bottom electrodes 34, 68 are positioned as in FIG. 4, to produce a transverse electric field. The polished front faces 26 and incoming light beams 42 are again shown for orientation purposes.

Although not pictured here, it is to be understood that this arrangement of top and bottom electrodes and the variations in conductive pad locations seen in FIGS. 4 and 5 can be used with elements which have been positioned on a different substrate material, in the manner suggested by FIG. 3, if the substrate material has the proper conductive properties. It may also be possible for elements to be directly attached to a single large bottom electrode which can act as a substrate to support and position the elements. Alternately, the electrodes may be attached or embedded on both sides of the electro-optic material directly before mounting the assembled elements onto a substrate.

FIG. 6 shows another version of an array 10 of modified protrusions 72 which have either been formed on the original wafer 12 or formed separately on a substrate of different optically transparent material 66 in a similar manner to the embodiment shown in FIG. 3. The modified protrusions 72 are shown to be oriented with their long sides parallel to the long edge of the wafer 12 or substrate 66, but it should be understood that they may also be oriented with the long sides of the protrusions 72 transverse to the long edge of the wafer 12 or substrate 66. An incoming polarized light beam 42 enters from the bottom side 70 of the wafer 12 or substrate 66 and is internally reflected on the angled first side face 74 and angled second side face 76 to reemerge from the bottom side 70 of the wafer 12. If appropriate voltage has been applied to the electrodes 78, the resulting polarization of the emergent light beam 80 will be modulated in the manner described above. The angles of the faces here are chosen to allow total internal reflection, but it is to be understood that if a reflective coating is applied to the faces, a variety of other angles may be used as well.

FIG. 7 illustrates yet another version of a modulator array 10 in which the protrusions 82 have been modified in another manner such that the angled second side face 84 of each has been angled to direct the emergent beam 86 out of the top face 20 of each protrusion 82. As in FIG. 6, the protrusions may be oriented in a transverse direction, a different substrate material may be used, and a reflective coating may be applied to reflecting faces.

FIG. 8 shows a system 11 for modulating or switching light beams which uses the modulator array 10 in much the same configuration as in FIG. 1. An incoming linearly polarized beam 42 of polarization “R” enters a first element 46 which is inactive due to an open switch 50, so that its exiting polarization 56 is unchanged. This enters a beamsplitter 88 that has been positioned so that light of R polarization will be reflected out of the beamsplitter it angle φ, as shown by reflected beam 90. In a second element 48, which is active, the voltage is assumed to be such as to produce a λ/2 shift, the polarization is rotated 90 degrees to “S” orientation, and this passes through the beamsplitter 88, as shown by unreflected beam 92. These beams can be used to carry separate digital information, and may be designated “channel 1” 94 and “channel 2” 96. It is lo be understood that beamsplitters can be used as a channel separation device with any of the various embodiments illustrated herein.

FIG. 9 shows a top plan view of another system 11 for modulating or switching light beams which uses a different version of a light modulating array 10. A single protrusion 16 is shown, which is composed of a first block 98 or portion of material having an index of refraction N₁, and a second block 100 of material having index of refraction N₂. A boundary 10! is formed at the junction of the two materials. One of the two blocks, in this case the first block 98, has top and bottom electrodes 104. First block 98 is composed of electro-optic material such that when electrodes 104 are uncharged, the electro-optic material is inactive, and N₁=N₂. When voltage is applied to electrodes 104, the first block 98 becomes active and the index of refraction changes for polarization components which are aligned with the electric field lines so that for this polarization, N₁>N₂. When first block 98 is inactive, an incoming beam 106 is projected into the first block 98 at entry angle ε to a normal such that the beam passes through the boundary between the two blocks 98, 100 and emerges as unreflected light ray 108. When first block 98 is active the index of refraction is increased such that total internal reflectance (TIR) occurs, and the beam is reflected back into the first block 98 at the boundary 102, and emerges as reflected light ray 110. The two emergent beams 108 and 110 are separated by angle δ, which has been greatly exaggerated here. These separated beams 108,110, can be detected by sensors 112, and thus be used to establish channel separation for data transmission.

Alternatively, the protrusion 16 can be made from a single integral block of material, which has been electro-optically divided into portions or sections. A first section 98 may have electrodes 104 attached to induce a different index of refraction in this section. An incoming beam 106 will be totally internally reflected, as described above, at the interface between the activated 98 and unactivated sections 100. This interface or boundary 102 can be established more definitely by having the second section 100, be of a different thickness than the first 98. This serves to direct the electric field lines better so that less fringing is produced, and a sharper interface boundary 102 is established.

FIG. 10 shows a perspective view of another system 11 for modulating or switching light beams which uses yet another version ol the light modulating array 10 to perform channel separation. A single prism-shaped protrusion 114 is shown, which can be electro-optically activated by electrodes 116 to increase the index of refraction. This causes the light beam to be bent towards the normal upon entry slightly differently than when the material is an inactive state. Thus when the element is active, the light beam will follow a first path 118, and will emerge at a slightly different angle relative to the normal upon leaving the element, thus following a first exiting path 120. In contrast, when the element is inactive, the light follows a second path 122 upon entry, and follows a second exiting path 124. Both of these second paths are shown in dashed line in FIG. 10. These first and second exiting paths 120, 124 are separated by angle β, and they can be further directed by mirrored surfaces 126 to sensors 128 to produce separate channels. The separation of the paths and the separation angle has been exaggerated in the FIG. 10.

FIG. 11 illustrates yet another version of the present light modulating array 10 in which end-mounted electrodes 130 each having an aperture 132 have been attached to the front faces 26 and rear faces 28 of the protrusions 16. In this configuration, the electric field lines are collinear with the direction of incoming light beams 42. The application of appropriate applied voltage results in the change in polarized output in a manner similar to that discussed above. It is to be that the above mentioned methods of splitting the output into separate channels, or using an external polarizer and sensor may be used, as well as mounting of elements on different substrate material, and variations in conductive pad placement.

It is also possible to have a light-producing element, such as a diode laser, with a modulating element physically attached at the laser's output, in order to produce a single integrated element.

Another variation of the preferred embodiment uses sol-gel processing to create an array of elements that are fixed in a flexible medium. Sol-gel processing is a chemically based, relatively low temperature (400-800 degrees C.) method that can produce ceramics and glasses with better purity and homogeneity than higher temperature (2,000 degrees C.) conventional processes.

When using molding processes, two approaches are possible. In the first approach, a non electro-optic, optically transparent or non-transparent matrix is prepared. Electrodes are deposited on the side walls. Then it is filled with soft, curable electro-optic material of sol-gel type or polymer resin. It is then cured to produce an array of electro-optic modulators separated spatially by non electro-optic material.

In the second approach, an electro-optically active matrix of solid or flexible material is prepared. Electrodes are deposited on the side walls. Then it is filled with soft, curable non electro-optic material, of optically transparent or non transparent, sol gel type or polymer resin. Then it is cured to produce an array of electro-optic modulators separated spatially by non electro-optic material.

For the PLZT thin films made by the sol-gel process with 1-2 μm spacing between embedded adjacent electrodes, λ/2 voltages range from 20-30 Volts for 0.5 μm thick films, to TTL levels (4-5 Volts) for 1-2 μm film thickness. This idea is very attractive for large area flat panel display applications, which function like CRT tubes and which may successfully compete with them. Because electrode spacing is necessarily very small to achieve low driving voltages, resulting pixel size is also very small, which makes this embodiment ideal for high-resolution flat panel displays or spatial light modulators. This fine pixel structure is below typical resolution capability of the human eye, so for consumer applications, sub-micron and micron size substructures may be aggregated to produce standard sized pixels (usually dozens or hundreds of microns). To simplify the manufacturing process and make it compatible with existing flat panel technology, the pixel size can be made larger. In this case, each pixel represents an interdigital pattern of PLZT embedded shutter electrodes.

FIG. 12 shows a top plan view of a modulator array 10 composed of embedded electrodes 134 that are contained in a sol-gel matrix 136. The arrow lines indicate electric field lines 138. The height of the electrodes 134 (out of drawing plane) is defined by the thickness of the film. In the figure, light also travels perpendicular to the drawing plane. For non-polarized light, the modulator array 10 is placed in between two cross polarizers (not shown).

The electrode structures can be deposited either prior to the sol-gel film deposition, or after it, using standard etching or micro-lnachining techniques. Using etching techniques and molding processes, the height of the electrodes 134 can be much higher, 10 μm or more with the same 1-2 μm spacing between electrodes. In this case, sol-gel can fill the spacings between electrodes 134 and the thin film can still be thin enough (a few microns) to guarantee the same fabrication process and similar process conditions. This will allow driving or switching voltages on the TTL level (4-5 Volts) or below (1-3 Volts and even lower). The arrays thus fabricated can be used in either transmissive or reflective modes. Additionally, the sol-gel material can either be used to completely fill the gap between electrodes, or it can instead be deposited on the sides of the electrodes as a coating. If used as a coating, an additional electrode can be added on the outer side of the sol-gel coating to make a complete element, each element being separated from its neighbor by a gap or groove.

In addition to the above mentioned examples, various other modifications and alterations of the inventive device 10 may be made without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the above disclosure is not to be considered as limiting and the appended claims are to be interpreted as encompassing the true spirit and the entire scope of the invention.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The present device 10 is well suited for application in a wide range of fields in which light modulators and high speed light switching devices are used, such as in high-speed printing, image processing and telecommunications. The present invention 10 is also especially suited for use in flat panel displays and projection television.

Although the basic array structures 10 discussed above are in a one-dimensional line configuration, these may be configured and arranged to form two-dimensional sheets of large size. Additionally, by use of the sol-gel process, they may be used to make a kind of thin flexible display material almost like cloth, which may be used to cover three dimensional forms or perhaps even to make clothing.

The materials presently used in flat panel displays respond very slowly to changes in display information. This leads to the commonly observed problem, especially in flat panel displays of laptop computers, that the display of a moving object will leave trails behind, due to the lag in the response of the display. The present invention, by contrast, is capable of switching speeds of 100 GHz and more, producing such fast response that it is beyond the ability of the human eye to register individual steps in a display of motion.

Prior art displays also may exhibit the problem of aliasing, or the jagged edges sometimes seen around the outline of a displayed object due to the comparatively large size of pixels in a digital display. By contrast, the elements of the present invention 10 may be made as smaller than 1 μm×1 μm in cross section, each element being capable of producing an independent signal. Thus each element is potentially an independent pixel. The use of the present invention completely eliminates the problem of aliasing down to the microscopic scale. Indeed, the human eye cannot resolve such small elements. Thus for use on the scale of ordinary unaided human vision, the elements may be grouped into larger pixels, whose overall size can still be small enough to provide far better image resolution than is presently available. There may also be applications in which microscopic pixel size is advantageous, such as making microscopic photo masks for microchip manufacture. The ungrouped pixels of the present invention are uniquely suited for such uses.

The very small size of the elements allows low driving voltages to be used to produce the necessary electric field density to induce the desired electro-optic effect. TTL levels may be used with some materials. The use of TTL level voltages has many significant advantages. TTL level power supplies have been well developed over many years and are commonly available “off the shelf”. Thus power supplies can be easily obtained for systems that utilize the present invention 10, without having to provide a customized power supply. This also allows easier introduction of the present invention 10 into equipment that uses TTL devices and already has the appropriate power supply in place.

The present invention 10 also may be designed to utilize sub-TTL levels. It is useful in many applications in which these smaller driver voltages are supplied.

Prior art light modulators and optical switches that are fabricated on a common wafer without benefit of any feature to channel the electric field lines commonly suffer from problems with cross-talk between the channels. This interferes with image clarity and can corrupt transmitted data. By contrast, by utilizing the discrete elements of the present invention 110, cross-talk between channels is practically eliminated, resulting in cleaner image production and improved accuracy and integrity of data transmission. This has very many industrial applications in a wide variety of devices such as printers, telecommunications, and visual displays.

In addition, for telecommunications applications prior art diode lasers which have been used, have typically suffered from the problem of “chirping” which is interference which can be produced when the voltage supplied to a diode laser is rapidly modulated. In contrast, the present invention 10 modulates the optical output, rather than the diode laser itself. This greatly reduces interference and can eliminate the problem of chirping. This can be an important advantage for telecommunications applications.

Another feature that makes the present invention 10 especially desirable for industrial applications is its ease of manufacture and low cost. It can be made using existing technology by varying methods such as micro-machining, laser ablation, selective etching in an electric field, and molding by conventional means or using a sol-gel process. For micro-machining, the same kinds of micro-saws as are presently used in trimming silicon wafers can be used to form the slots between the projections.

Another method for manufacturing light modulating arrays 10 is the use of sol-gel processing to create an array of elements that are fixed in a flexible medium. Sol-gel processing is a chemically based, relatively low temperature method that can produce ceramics and glasses with better purity and homogeneity than higher temperature conventional processes. Another of the attractive features of the sol-gel process is the capability to produce compositions not possible with conventional methods.

Thin films of PLZT electro-optic ceramic made with the sol-gel process have a number of advantages relative to PLZT ceramics prepared from powders. Large surface areas of thin film can be created which have very uniform (homogeneous) material structure. Small grain sizes are achievable, in the range of 10's of nm, with much less porosity compared with PLZT ceramics prepared from powders. A wide range of film thickness from a few nanometers to a few microns can be produced.

Sol-gel manufacture also easily lends itself to high volume production. It is inexpensive, suitable for large area spatial light modulators or flat panel displays and can utilize micro-machining fabrication processes which are standard in the industry. It can be used for bright, ultra high-speed flat panel displays or spatial light modulators suitable for computer interconnects and high-speed telecommunications with very wide viewing angles which may eventually be used to replace cathode ray tubes.

For the above, and other reasons, it is expected that the device 10 of the present invention will have widespread industrial applicability. Therefore, it is expected that the commercial utility of the present invention will be extensive and long lasting. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An optical switch comprising: a first non-waveguide section having an index of refraction comprising solid electro-optic material defined by a top, bottom, and side surface; a pair of electrodes having electrode surfaces associated with said top and bottom surfaces, respectively; and a second non-waveguide section defined by a top, bottom, and side surface and having an index of refraction, said side surfaces of said first and second sections being juxtaposed to form a switchably reflective boundary angled with respect to said electrode surfaces, wherein either (i) said second region comprises a material different in composition than said electro-optic material in said first region, or (ii) said second region has a different thickness than said first region; such that a light beam entering said optical switch (i) is reflected from said switchably reflective boundary when said switch is in a first state and the refractive index of the first section has a first value, and (ii) is transmitted through said switchably reflective boundary when said switch is in a second state and said index of the first section has a second value different than the first value.
 2. The optical switch of claim 1 wherein, said electrodes are formed on said top and bottom surfaces.
 3. The optical switch of claim 1 wherein, said side surfaces of said first and second sections are juxtaposed such that said switchably refective boundary is substantially perpendicular to said electrode surfaces.
 4. The optical switch of claim 1 wherein, said second region comprises a material different in composition than said electro-optic material in said first region.
 5. The optical switch of claim 1 wherein, said second region has a different thickness than said first region.
 6. The optical switch of claim 5 wherein, said first and second sections comprise a single integrated block of solid electro-optic material.
 7. The optical switch of claim 1 wherein, said first and second sections are oriented such that said first section receives said light beam in both said first and second states.
 8. The optical switch of claim 1 wherein, said solid electromagnetic material comprises electro-optic crystal.
 9. The optical switch of claim 1 wherein, said solid electromagnetic material comprises ceramic.
 10. The optical switch of claim 9 wherein, said solid electromagnetic material comprises polycrystalline electro-optic ceramic.
 11. The optical switch of claim 1 wherein, said solid electromagnetic material comprises an electro-optic active polymer.
 12. The optical switch of claim 1 wherein, said solid electromagnetic material comprises electro-optic semiconductor.
 13. The optical switch of claim 1 wherein, said solid electromagnetic material comprises electro-optic glass.
 14. The optical switch of claim 1 wherein, said solid electromagnetic material comprises lead zirconate titanate doped with lanthanum (PLZT).
 15. The optical switch of claim 14 wherein, said lanthanum ranges from 8.5% to 9.0% in concentration. 